La paz, en el sentido de ausencia de guerra, es de poco valor para alguien que se está muriendo de hambre o de frío

Discurso de Dalai Lama 

al recibir el Premio Nobel de Paz el 11 de diciembre de 1989

Hermanos y hermanas:

Es un honor y un placer estar hoy entre ustedes. Me alegro realmente de ver muchos viejos amigos que han venido de diferentes rincones del mundo y de poder hacer nuevos amigos, a quienes espero encontrar de nuevo en el futuro. Cuando me encuentro con gente de diferentes partes del mundo, siempre recuerdo que todos nosotros somos básicamente iguales: todos somos seres humanos. Posiblemente vistamos ropas diferentes, nuestra piel sea de color diferente o hablemos distintos idiomas. Pero esto es superficial, en lo básico, somos seres humanos semejantes y esto es lo que nos vincula los unos a los otros. Además, es lo que hace posible que nos entendamos y que desarrollemos amistad e intimidad.

 

Pensando sobre lo que podía decir hoy, he decidido compartir con ustedes algunos de mis pensamientos sobre los problemas comunes con los que todos nosotros, como miembros de la familia humana, nos enfrentamos. Puesto que todos compartimos este pequeño planeta, tenemos que aprender a vivir en armonía y paz entre nosotros y con la naturaleza. Esto no es solamente un sueño, si no una necesidad. Dependemos los unos de los otros en tantas cosas que ya no podemos vivir en comunidades aisladas, ignorando lo que ocurre fuera de ellas. Cuando nos encontramos con dificultades necesitamos ayudarnos los unos a los otros, y debemos compartir la buena fortuna que gozamos. Les hablo solamente como otro ser humano, como un sencillo monje. Si encuentran útil lo que digo, espero que intenten practicarlo.

Hoy también deseo compartir con ustedes mis sentimientos con respecto a la difícil situación y las aspiraciones del pueblo del Tíbet. El Premio Nobel es un premio que ellos bien merecen por su valor e inagotable determinación durante los pasados cuarenta años de ocupación extranjera. Como libre portavoz de mis compatriotas cautivos, hombres y mujeres, siento que es mi deber levantar la voz en su favor. No hablo con un sentimiento de ira u odio contra aquellos que son responsables del inmenso sufrimiento de nuestro pueblo y de la destrucción de nuestra tierra, nuestros hogares y nuestra cultura. Ellos también son seres humanos que luchan por encontrar la felicidad y merecen nuestra compasión. Sólo hablo para informarles de la triste situación de hoy en día de mi país y de las aspiraciones de mi pueblo, porque en nuestra lucha por la libertad, sólo poseemos como única arma la verdad.

La comprensión de que somos básicamente seres humanos semejantes que buscan felicidad e intentan evitar el sufrimiento, es muy útil para desarrollar un sentido de fraternidad, un sentimiento cálido de amor y compasión por los demás. Esto, a su vez, es esencial si queremos sobrevivir en él, cada vez más reducido, mundo en el que vivimos. Porque si cada uno de nosotros buscamos egoisticamente sólo lo que creemos que nos interesa, sin preocuparnos de las necesidades de los demás, acabaremos no sólo haciendo daño a los demás, sino también a nosotros mismos. Este hecho se ha visto claramente a lo largo de este siglo. Sabemos que hacer una guerra nuclear hoy, por ejemplo, sería una forma de suicidio; o que contaminar la atmósfera o el océano para conseguir un beneficio a corto plazo, sería destruir la base misma de nuestra supervivencia. Puesto que los individuos y las naciones están volviéndose cada vez más interdependientes, no tenemos más remedio que desarrollar lo que yo llamo un sentido de responsabilidad universal.

En la actualidad, somos realmente una gran familia mundial. Lo que ocurre en una parte del mundo puede afectarnos a todos. Esto, por supuesto, no es solamente cierto para las cosas negativas, sino que es igualmente válido para los progresos positivos. Gracias a los extraordinarios medios de comunicación tecnológicos, no sólo conocemos lo que ocurre en otra parte, sino que también nos vemos afectados directamente por los acontecimientos de sitios remotos. Nos sentimos tristres cuando hay niños hambrientos en el Este de África. Del mismo modo, nos alegramos cuando una familia se reúne, después de una separación de décadas debida al Muro de Berlín. Cuando ocurre un accidente nuclear a muchos kilómetros de distancia, en otro país, nuestras cosechas y ganado se contaminan y nuestra salud y sustento se ven amenazados. Nuestra propia seguridad aumenta cuando la paz irrumpe entre las facciones que luchan enotros continentes.

Pero la guerra o la paz, la destrucción o la protección de la naturaleza, la violación o el fomento de los derechos humanos y libertades democráticas, la pobreza o bienestar material, la falta de valores espirituales y morales o su existencia y desarrollo y la ruptura o desarrollo del entendimiento humano, no son fenómenos aislados que pueden ser analizados y abordados independientemente. De hecho, están muy relacionados a todos los niveles y necesitan ser tratados con ese entendimiento.

La paz, en el sentido de ausencia de guerra, es de poco valor para alguien que se está muriendo de hambre o de frío. No eliminará el dolor de la tortura inflingida a un prisionero de conciencia. Ni tampoco consuela a aquellos que pierden a sus seres queridos en inundaciones causadas por la insensata deforestación de un país vecino. La paz sólo puede durar allí donde los derechos humanos se respetan, donde la gente está alimentada y donde los individuos y las naciones son libres. La verdadera paz con nosotros mismos y con el mundo a nuestro alrededor, sólo se puede lograr a través del desarrollo de la paz mental. Los otros fenómenos mencionados anteriormente están igualmente relacionados. Así, por ejemplo, comprendemos que un medio ambiente limpio, riqueza o democracia tienen poco valor frente a la guerra, especialmente la guerra nuclear, y que el desarrollo material no es suficiente para asegurar la felicidad humana.

El progreso material es por supuesto, importante para el avance humano. En Tíbet dimos muy poca atención al desarrollo económico y tecnológico y actualmente nos damos cuenta de que esto fue una equivocación. Al mismo tiempo, el desarrollo material sin un desarrollo espiritual puede causar también graves problemas. En algunos países se concede demasiada atención a las cosas externas y muy poca importancia al desarrollo interior. Creo que ambos son importantes y deben ser desarrollados conjuntamente para conseguir un buen equilibrio entre los dos. Los tibetanos somos siempre considerados por los visitantes extranjeros como gente feliz y jovial. Esto forma parte de nuestro carácter nacional, arraigado en valores culturales y religiosos que acentúan la importancia de la paz mental conseguida por medio de generar amor y bondad hacia todos los seres vivos, humanos y animales. La clave es la paz interior: si se tiene paz interior, los problemas externos no afectarán el profundo sentido de paz y tranquilidad. En este estado mental se pueden afrontar las situaciones con razonamiento y tranquilidad, mientras se mantiene la felicidad interior. Esto es muy importante. Sin paz interior, por muy confortable que sea la vida material, aún se estará preocupado, molesto o triste por diferentes circunstancias.

Por lo tanto, está bien claro que tiene una gran importancia comprender la interrelación entre estos y otros fenómenos y considerar y tratar de resolver los problemas de una forma equilibrada que tenga en consideración los diferentes aspectos. Por supuesto, no es fácil. Peo el intentar resolver un problema tiene poco beneficio si actuando de esta forma creamos otros igualmente serios. Por tanto, no tenemos alternativa: debemos desarrollar un sentido de responsabilidad universal, no sólo en el aspecto geográfico, sino también con respecto a las diferentes cuestiones con las que se enfrenta nuestro planeta.

La responsabilidad no descansa sólo en los líderes de nuestros países o en aquéllos que han sido elegidos para hacer un trabajo concreto. Está individualmente en cada uno de nosotros. La paz empieza dentro de cada uno. Cuando poseemos paz interior, podemos estar en paz con todos a nuestro alrededor. Cuando nuestra comunidad está en un estado de paz, esta paz puede ser compartida con nuestras comunidades vecinas. Cuando sentimos amor y bondad hacia los demás, esto no sólo hace que los demás se sientan amados y protegidos, sino que nos ayuda también a nosotros a desarrollar paz y felicidad interior. Y hay maneras en las que podemos trabajar conscientemente para desarrollar sentimientos de amor y bondad. Para algunos de nosotros, la forma más efectiva de hacerlo es a través de las prácticas religiosas. Para otros, pueden ser prácticas no religiosas. Lo importante es que cada uno de nosotros hagamos un esfuerzo sincero de tomar seriamente nuestra responsabilidad por los demás y por el medio ambiente. (…). Muchas gracias.

Permítanme compartir con ustedes una corta oración que me da una gran inspiración y determinación:

“Por tanto tiempo como dure el espacio

y tanto tiempo como permanezcan seres vivos,

hasta entonces, pueda yo también permanecer

para disipar la miseria del mundo”. 

Muchas gracias

Versión en inglés. Idioma original.

Brothers and Sisters:

It is an honour and pleasure to be among you today. I am really happy to see so many old friends who have come from different corners of the world, and to make new friends, whom I hope to meet again in the future. When I meet people in different parts of the world, I am always reminded that we are all basically alike: we are all human beings. Maybe we have different clothes, our skin is of a different colour, or we speak different languages. That is on the surface. But basically, we are the same human beings. That is what binds us to each other. That is what makes it possible for us to understand each other and to develop friendship and closeness.

Thinking over what I might say today, I decided to share with you some of my thoughts concerning the common problems all of us face as members of the human family. Because we all share this small planet earth, we have to learn to live in harmony and peace with each other and with nature. That is not just a dream, but a necessity. We are dependent on each other in so many ways, that we can no longer live in isolated communities and ignore what is happening outside those communities, and we must share the good fortune that we enjoy. I speak to you as just another human being; as a simple monk. If you find what I say useful, then I hope you will try to practise it.

I also wish to share with you today my feelings concerning the plight and aspirations of the people of Tibet. The Nobel Prize is a prize they well deserve for their courage and unfailing determination during the past forty years of foreign occupation. As a free spokesman for my captive countrymen and -women, I feel it is my duty to speak out on their behalf. I speak not with a feeling of anger or hatred towards those who are responsible for the immense suffering of our people and the destruction of our land, homes and culture. They too are human beings who struggle to find happiness and deserve our compassion. I speak to inform you of the sad situation in my country today and of the aspirations of my people, because in our struggle for freedom, truth is the only weapon we possess.

The realisation that we are all basically the same human beings, who seek happiness and try to avoid suffering, is very helpful in developing a sense of brotherhood and sisterhood; a warm feeling of love and compassion for others. This, in turn, is essential if we are to survive in this ever shrinking world we live in. For if we each selfishly pursue only what we believe to be in our own interest, without caring about the needs of others, we not only may end up harming others but also ourselves. This fact has become very clear during the course of this century. We know that to wage a nuclear war today, for example, would be a form of suicide; or that by polluting the air or the oceans, in order to achieve some short-term benefit, we are destroying the very basis for our survival. As interdependents, therefore, we have no other choice than to develop what I call a sense of universal responsibility.

Today, we are truly a global family. What happens in one part of the world may affect us all. This, of course, is not only true of the negative things that happen, but is equally valid for the positive developments. We not only know what happens elsewhere, thanks to the extraordinary modern communications technology. We are also directly affected by events that occur far away. We feel a sense of sadness when children are starving in Eastern Africa. Similarly, we feel a sense of joy when a family is reunited after decades of separation by the Berlin Wall. Our crops and livestock are contaminated and our health and livelihood threatened when a nuclear accident happens miles away in another country. Our own security is enhanced when peace breaks out between warring parties in other continents.

But war or peace; the destruction or the protection of nature; the violation or promotion of human rights and democratic freedoms; poverty or material well-being; the lack of moral and spiritual values or their existence and development; and the breakdown or development of human understanding, are not isolated phenomena that can be analysed and tackled independently of one another. In fact, they are very much interrelated at all levels and need to be approached with that understanding.

Peace, in the sense of the absence of war, is of little value to someone who is dying of hunger or cold. It will not remove the pain of torture inflicted on a prisoner of conscience. It does not comfort those who have lost their loved ones in floods caused by senseless deforestation in a neighbouring country. Peace can only last where human rights are respected, where the people are fed, and where individuals and nations are free. True peace with oneself and with the world around us can only be achieved through the development of mental peace. The other phenomena mentioned above are similarly interrelated. Thus, for example, we see that a clean environment, wealth or democracy mean little in the face of war, especially nuclear war, and that material development is not sufficient to ensure human happiness.

Material progress is of course important for human advancement. In Tibet, we paid much too little attention to technological and economic development, and today we realise that this was a mistake. At the same time, material development without spiritual development can also cause serious problems, In some countries too much attention is paid to external things and very little importance is given to inner development. I believe both are important and must be developed side by side so as to achieve a good balance between them. Tibetans are always described by foreign visitors as being a happy, jovial people. This is part of our national character, formed by cultural and religious values that stress the importance of mental peace through the generation of love and kindness to all other living sentient beings, both human and animal. Inner peace is the key: if you have inner peace, the external problems do not affect your deep sense of peace and tranquility. In that state of mind you can deal with situations with calmness and reason, while keeping your inner happiness. That is very important. Without this inner peace, no matter how comfortable your life is materially, you may still be worried, disturbed or unhappy because of circumstances.

Clearly, it is of great importance, therefore, to understand the interrelationship among these and other phenomena, and to approach and attempt to solve problems in a balanced way that takes these different aspects into consideration. Of course it is not easy. But it is of little benefit to try to solve one problem if doing so creates an equally serious new one. So really we have no alternative: we must develop a sense of universal responsibility not only in the geographic sense, but also in respect to the different issues that confront our planet.

Responsibility does not only lie with the leaders of our countries or with those who have been appointed or elected to do a particular job. It lies with each one of us individually. Peace, for example, starts with each one of us. When we have inner peace, we can be at peace with those around us. When our community is in a state of peace, it can share that peace with neighbouring communities, and so on. When we feel love and kindness towards others, it not only makes others feel loved and cared for, but it helps us also to develop inner happiness and peace. And there are ways in which we can consciously work to develop feelings of love and kindness. For some of us, the most effective way to do so is through religious practice. For others it may be non-religious practices. What is important is that we each make a sincere effort to take our responsibility for each other and for the natural environment we live in seriously.

I am very encouraged by the developments which are taking place around us. After the young people of many countries, particularly in northern Europe, have repeatedly called for an end to the dangerous destruction of the environment which was being conducted in the name of economic development, the world's political leaders are now starting to take meaningful steps to address this problem. The report to the United Nations Secretary-General by the World Commission on the Environment and Development (the Brundtland Report) was an important step in educating governments on the urgency of the issue. Serious efforts to bring peace to war-torn zones and to implement the right to self-determination of some people have resulted in the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan and the establishment of independent Namibia. Through persistent nonviolent popular efforts dramatic changes, bringing many countries closer to real democracy, have occurred in many places, from Manila in the Philippines to Berlin in East Germany. With the Cold War era apparently drawing to a close, people everywhere live with renewed hope. Sadly, the courageous efforts of the Chinese people to bring similar change to their country was brutally crushed last June. But their efforts too are a source of hope. The military might has not extinguished the desire for freedom and the determination of the Chinese people to achieve it. I particularly admire the fact that these young people who have been taught that "power grows from the barrel of the gun", chose, instead, to use nonviolence as their weapon.

What these positive changes indicate, is that reason, courage, determination, and the inextinguishable desire for freedom can ultimately win. In the struggle between forces of war, violence and oppression on the one hand, and peace, reason and freedom on the other, the latter are gaining the upper hand. This realisation fills us Tibetans with hope that some day we too will once again be free.

The awarding of the Nobel Prize to me, a simple monk from faraway Tibet, here in Norway, also fills us Tibetans with hope. It means, despite the fact that we have not drawn attention to our plight by means of violence, we have not been forgotten. It also means that the values we cherish, in particular our respect for all forms of life and the belief in the power of truth, are today recognised and encouraged. It is also a tribute to my mentor, Mahatma Gandhi, whose example is an inspiration to so many of us. This year's award is an indication that this sense of universal responsibility is developing. I am deeply touched by the sincere concern shown by so many people in this part of the world for the suffering of the people of Tibet. That is a source of hope not only for us Tibetans, but for all oppressed people.

As you know, Tibet has, for forty years, been under foreign occupation. Today, more than a quarter of a million Chinese troops are stationed in Tibet. Some sources estimate the occupation army to be twice this strength. During this time, Tibetans have been deprived of their most basic human rights, including the right to life, movement, speech, worship, only to mention a few. More than one sixth of Tibet's population of six million died as a direct result of the Chinese invasion and occupation. Even before the Cultural Revolution started, many of Tibet's monasteries, temples and historic buildings were destroyed. Almost everything that remained was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. I do not wish to dwell on this point, which is well documented. What is important to realise, however, is that despite the limited freedom granted after 1979, to rebuild parts of some monasteries and other such tokens of liberalisation, the fundamental human rights of the Tibetan people are still today being systematically violated. In recent months this bad situation has become even worse.

If it were not for our community in exile, so generously sheltered and supported by the government and people of India and helped by organisations and individuals from many parts of the world, our nation would today be little more than a shattered remnant of a people. Our culture, religion and national identity would have been effectively eliminated. As it is, we have built schools and monasteries in exile and have created democratic institutions to serve our people and preserve the seeds of our civilisation. With this experience, we intend to implement full democracy in a future free Tibet. Thus, as we develop our community in exile on modern lines, we also cherish and preserve our own identity and culture and bring hope to millions of our countrymen and -women in Tibet.

The issue of most urgent concern at this time, is the massive influx of Chinese settlers into Tibet. Although in the first decades of occupation a considerable number of Chinese were transferred into the eastern parts of Tibet - in the Tibetan provinces of Amdo (Chinghai) and Kham (most of which has been annexed by neighboring Chinese provinces) - since 1983 an unprecedented number of Chinese have been encouraged by their government to migrate to all parts of Tibet, including central and western Tibet (which the People's Republic of China refers to as the so-called Tibet Autonomous Region). Tibetans are rapidly being reduced to an insignificant minority in their own country. This development, which threatens the very survival of the Tibetan nation, its culture and spiritual heritage, can still be stopped and reversed. But this must be done now, before it is too late.

The new cycle of protest and violent repression, which started in Tibet in September of 1987 and culminated in the imposition of martial law in the capital, Lhasa, in March of this year, was in large part a reaction to this tremendous Chinese influx. Information reaching us in exile indicates that the protest marches and other peaceful forms of protest are continuing in Lhasa and a number of other places in Tibet, despite the severe punishment and inhumane treatment given to Tibetans detained for expressing their grievances. The number of Tibetans killed by security forces during the protest in March and of those who died in detention afterwards is not known but is believed to be more than two hundred. Thousands have been detained or arrested and imprisoned, and torture is commonplace.

It was against the background of this worsening situation and in order to prevent further bloodshed, that I proposed what is generally referred to as the Five-Point Peace Plan for the restoration of peace and human rights in Tibet. I elaborated on the plan in a speech in Strasbourg last year. I believe the plan provides a reasonable and realistic framework for negotiations with the People's Republic of China. So far, however, China's leaders have been unwilling to respond constructively. The brutal suppression of the Chinese democracy movement in June of this year, however, reinforced my view that any settlement of the Tibetan question will only be meaningful if it is supported by adequate international guarantees.

The Five-Point Peace Plan addresses the principal and interrelated issues, which I referred to in the first part of this lecture. It calls for (1) Transformation of the whole of Tibet, including the eastern provinces of Kham and Amdo, into a zone of Ahimsa (nonviolence); (2) Abandonment of China's population transfer policy; (3) Respect for the Tibetan people's fundamental rights and democratic freedoms; (4) Restoration and protection of Tibet's natural environment; and (5) Commencement of earnest negotiations on the future status of Tibet and of relations between the Tibetan and Chinese people. In the Strasbourg address I proposed that Tibet become a fully self-governing democratic political entity.

I would like to take this opportunity to explain the Zone of Ahimsa or peace sanctuary concept, which is the central element of the Five-Point Peace Plan. I am convinced that it is of great importance not only for Tibet, but for peace and stability in Asia.

It is my dream that the entire Tibetan plateau should become a free refuge where humanity and nature can live in peace and in harmonious balance. It would be a place where people from all over the world could come to seek the true meaning of peace within themselves, away from the tensions and pressures of much of the rest of the world. Tibet could indeed become a creative center for the promotion and development of peace.

The following are key elements of the proposed Zone of Ahimsa:

-           the entire Tibetan plateau would be demilitarised;

-           the manufacture, testing, and stockpiling of nuclear weapons and other armaments on the Tibetan plateau would be prohibited;

-           the Tibetan plateau would be transformed into the world's largest natural park or biosphere. Strict laws would be enforced to protect wildlife and plant life; the exploitation of natural resources would be carefully regulated so as not to damage relevant ecosystems; and a policy of sustainable development would be adopted in populated areas;

-           the manufacture and use of nuclear power and other technologies which produce hazardous waste would be prohibited;

-           national resources and policy would be directed towards the active promotion of peace and environmental protection. Organisations dedicated to the furtherance of peace and to the protection of all forms of life would find a hospitable home in Tibet;

-           the establishment of international and regional organisations for the promotion and protection of human rights would be encouraged in Tibet.

Tibet's height and size (the size of the European Community), as well as its unique history and profound spiritual heritage makes it ideally suited to fulfill the role of a sanctuary of peace in the strategic heart of Asia. It would also be in keeping with Tibet's historical role as a peaceful Buddhist nation and buffer region separating the Asian continent's great and often rival powers.

In order to reduce existing tensions in Asia, the President of the Soviet Union, Mr. Gorbachev, proposed the demilitarisation of Soviet-Chinese borders and their transformation into "a frontier of peace and good-neighborliness". The Nepal government had earlier proposed that the Himalayan country of Nepal, bordering on Tibet, should become a zone of peace, although that proposal did not include demilitarisation of the country.

For the stability and peace of Asia, it is essential to create peace zones to separate the continent's biggest powers and potential adversaries. President Gorbachev's proposal, which also included a complete Soviet troop withdrawal from Mongolia, would help to reduce tension and the potential for confrontation between the Soviet Union and China. A true peace zone must, clearly, also be created to separate the world's two most populous states, China and India.

The establishment of the Zone of Ahimsa would require the withdrawal of troops and military installations from Tibet, which would enable India and Nepal also to withdraw troops and military installations from the Himalayan regions bordering Tibet. This would have to be achieved by international agreements. It would be in the best interest of all states in Asia, particularly China and India, as it would enhance their security, while reducing the economic burden of maintaining high troop concentrations in remote areas.

Tibet would not be the first strategic area to be demilitarised. Parts of the Sinai peninsula, the Egyptian territory separating Israel and Egypt, have been demilitarised for some time. Of course, Costa Rica is the best example of an entirely demilitarised country. Tibet would also not be the first area to be turned into a natural preserve or biosphere. Many parks have been created throughout the world. Some very strategic areas have been turned into natural "peace parks". Two examples are the La Amistad Park, on the Costa Rica-Panama border and the Si A Paz project on the Costa Rica-Nicaragua border.

When I visited Costa Rica earlier this year, I saw how a country can develop successfully without an army, to become a stable democracy committed to peace and the protection of the natural environment. This confirmed my belief that my vision of Tibet in the future is a realistic plan, not merely a dream.

Let me end with a personal note of thanks to all of you and our friends who are not here today. The concern and support which you have expressed for the plight of the Tibetans have touched us all greatly, and continue to give us courage to struggle for freedom and justice: not through the use of arms, but with the powerful weapons of truth and determination. I know that I speak on behalf of all the people of Tibet when I thank you and ask you not to forget Tibet at this critical time in our country's history. We too hope to contribute to the development of a more peaceful, more humane and more beautiful world. A future free Tibet will seek to help those in need throughout the world, to protect nature, and to promote peace. I believe that our Tibetan ability to combine spiritual qualities with a realistic and practical attitude enables us to make a special contribution, in however modest a way. This is my hope and prayer.

In conclusion, let me share with you a short prayer which gives me great inspiration and determination:

    For as long as space endures,

    And for as long as living beings remain,

    Until then may I, too, abide

    To dispel the misery of the world.

Thank you.